Vibrio, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter | Sherris Medical Microbiology, 6e | AccessBiomedical Science

INTRODUCTION

I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint: my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels.

—The Bible: Psalms 22:14

This group of curved Gram-negative rods includes Vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera, one of the first proven infectious diseases, along with Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni, newcomers incriminated as pathogens late in the 20th century (Table 32–1). The peptic ulcer disease now known to be caused by H pylori had been long accepted to be due to stress and disturbed gastric acid secretion. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in virtually every country of the world. Cholera has undergone a resurgence in recent decades, spreading from its historic Asiatic locale to the Americas, including the coastline of the United States.

TABLE 32–1Features of Vibrio, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter^a

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TABLE 32–1 Features of Vibrio, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter^a

BACTERIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

ORGANISM

GROWTH

UREASE

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ADHERENCE

TOXINS

DISEASE

Vibrio cholerae

Facultative

–

Fecal–oral, waterborne, pandemics

Surface protein^b, pili

CT^c

Watery diarrhea (cholera)

Campylobacter jejuni

Microaerophilic

–

Animals, unpasteurized milk

Unknown^d

Unknown^e

Dysentery, watery diarrhea

Helicobacter pylori

Microaerophilic

Human, gastric secretions^f

OMPs^g

VacA^h, urease, Cagⁱ

Chronic gastritis, ulcers, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma

^aAll are curved Gram-negative rods with similar morphology.

^bSurface protein able to bind to chitin and human intestine.

^cCholera toxin.

^dLipooligosaccharide, flagellin, a major outer membrane protein (MOMP), and a fibronectin-binding protein CadF are candidate adhesions.

^eCytolethal-distending toxin is a candidate toxin.

^gOMPs, outer membrane proteins (BabA, SabA, AlpA, AlpB, HopZ).

^hVacuolating cytotoxin.

ⁱNot technically a toxin, but Cag is strongly associated with virulence.

VIBRIO

Vibrios are curved, Gram-negative rods (Figure 32–1) commonly found in saltwater. Cells may be linked end to end, forming S shapes and spirals. They are highly motile with a single polar flagellum, non–spore-forming, and oxidase-positive, and they can grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The cell envelope structure is similar to that of other Gram-negative bacteria. Vibrio cholerae is the prototype cause of a water-loss diarrhea called cholera. Other species causing diarrhea, wound infections, and, rarely, systemic infection are listed in Table 32–2.

FIGURE 32–1.

Vibrio cholerae (scanning electron micrograph). Note the curved rods and polar flagella. (Reproduced with permission from Willey JM: Prescott, Harley, & Klein's Microbiology, 7^th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2008.)