A Note on Treatment Regimens
Cancer treatment regimens change to reflect continuous advances in basic and clinical science: new drugs, both small molecules and biologicals; improved methods of targeting and timing of drug delivery; agents with altered pharmacokinetic properties and selectivities; the use of rational multidrug combinations; and greater knowledge of the basic cell biology of tumorigenesis, metastasis, and immune function, amongst other advances. As a consequence, this chapter presents relatively few detailed treatment regimens; rather, we refer the reader to the web-based resources of the U.S. FDA and the NCCN. Table 67–1 provides two examples of therapeutic regimens that illustrate the complexity of current cancer drug therapy.
Abbreviations
ABC: ATP-binding cassette
ABVD: doxorubicin (adriamycin), bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine
ADA: adenosine deaminase
ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia
AML: acute myeloid leukemia; acute myelocytic leukemia
APL: acute promyelocytic leukemia
Ara-C: cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside
Ara-U: ara-uridine
ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome
L-ASP: L-asparaginase
ATO: arsenic trioxide
ATRA: all-trans retinoic acid
BCNU: carmustine [1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea]
BCRP: breast cancer resistance protein
CCNU: 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (lomustine)
2CdA: 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine)
CDK: cyclin-dependent kinase
C/EBP: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein
CHOP: cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (H), vincristine (O) and prednisone
CLCr: creatinine clearance
CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML: chronic myelocytic leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia
CNT1: concentrative nucleoside transporter 1
CTCL: cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
dCK: deoxycytidine kinase
dCTP: deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate
DDD: dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
dFdC: 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine, gemcitabine
5′-dFdU: 5′-deoxyfluorodeoxyuridine
DHFR: dihydrofolate reductase
dNTP: deoxynucleotide triphosphate
DPD: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
dTMP/TTP: deoxythymidine monophosphate/triphosphate
dUMP/FdUMP: deoxyuridine monophosphate/fluoro dUMP
ENT1: equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1
FdUMP: deoxynucleotide, fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate
FH2Glun/FH4Glun: dihydro-/tetrahydrofolate polyglutamates
FOLFIRINOX: FOLFOX plus irinotecan
FOLFOX: folinic acid, 5FU and oxaliplatin
5FU: 5-fluorouracil
FUdR: fluorodeoxyuridine
G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GI: gastrointestinal
GSH: glutathione
GST: glutathione S-transferase
Hb: hemoglobin
HbF: fetal hemoglobin
HDAC: histone deacetylase
HDM-L: high-dose MTX with leucovorin rescue
HGPRT: hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
HMG: high-mobility group
HMM: hexamethylmelamine
HSV: herpes simplex virus
5HT: serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine
HU: hydroxyurea
IMP: inosine monophosphate
Jak2: Janus kinase 2
MAO: monoamine oxidase
MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome
MESNA: 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate-Na+
methyl-CCNU: semustine
MGMT: O6-alkyl, methyl guanine methyltransferase
MLL: mixed-lineage leukemia
MM: multiple myeloma
MMR: mismatch repair
MOPP: nitrogen mustard, oncovin (vincristine), procarbazine, and prednisone
6MP: 6-mercaptopurine
MRP: multidrug resistance-associated protein
MSH6: mutator S homologue 6
MTA: pemetrexed
MTIC: methyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide
mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin
MTX: methotrexate
Nab-paclitaxel: albumin-bound nanoparticle solution of paclitaxel
NCCN: National Comprehensive Cancer Network
NER: nucleotide excision repair
NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma
NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
PG: polyglutamate
Pgp: P-glycoprotein
PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PML: promyelocytic leukemia
PN: peripheral neuropathy
PRPP: 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
PVC: procarbazine, vincristine and CCNU
RAR: retinoic acid receptor
RNR: ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase
ROS: reactive oxygen species
SCC: squamous cell carcinoma
SHMT: serine hydroxymethyltransferase
TEM: triethylenemelamine
TEPA:...