Appendices

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Normal Values of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets in Adult Human Blood*

Erythrocytes	4.2–6.1 million/μL of blood
Platelets	200,000–500,000/μL of blood
Leukocytes	4000–11,000/μL of blood
Types of leukocytes	Percentage of total leukocytes	Primary role
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
Neutrophils	50–70	Phagocytosis
Eosinophils	1–4	Allergic hypersensitivity reactions
Basophils	0–0.75	Allergic hypersensitivity reactions
Monocytes	2–8	Phagocytosis and antibody production
Lymphocytes	15–40	Antibody production and cell-mediated immunity

*Normal reference ranges vary somewhat with age, gender, and race. They may also vary from laboratory to laboratory. To confuse the issue further, various unit measurements are used to report blood data, and so caution must be used in examining data.

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Normal Constituents of Adult Human Plasma

Class	Constituent	Amount/normal concentration range
Electrolytes (inorganic)
Cations	Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+) Iron (Fe3+) Copper (Cu2+) Hydrogen (H+)	136–145 mEq/L 3.5–5.0 mEq/L 2.1–3.7 mEq/L 1.2–1.8 mEq/L 60–160 μg/dL 70–155 μg/dL 35–45 nmol/L (pH = 7.35–7.45)
Anions	Chloride (Cl−) Bicarbonate (HCO3−) Lactate Sulfate (SO42−) Phosphate (HPO42− mostly)	95–105 mEq/L 23–28 mEq/L 0.67–1.8 mEq/L 0.9–1.1 mEq/L 3.0–4.5 mg/dL
Proteins	Total (7% of plasma weight) Albumin Globulins Fibrinogen	6–8 g/dL 3.4–5.0 g/dL 2.2–4.0 g/dL 0.3 g/dL
Nutrients	Glucose Total amino acids Cholesterol Phospholipids Triglycerides	80–120 mg/dL 40 mg/dL 150–200 mg/dL 150–220 mg/dL 35–160 mg/dL
Waste products	Uric acid (from nucleic acids) Blood urea nitrogen (from protein) Creatinine (from creatine) Bilirubin (from heme)	2.6–7.2 mg/dL 8–25 mg/dL 0.2–0.9 mg/dL 0.1–1.2 mg/dL

Key Cardiovascular Variables and Their Normal Determinants

Hemostasis

Whenever damage occurs to a blood vessel, a variety of processes are evoked that are aimed at preventing or stopping blood from exiting the vascular space. The 3 primary processes are summarized in the following list:

Platelet aggregation and plug formation: Occur as a result of the following steps:

Local vasoconstriction: Mediated largely by thromboxane but may also be induced by local release of other chemical signals that constrict local vessels and reduce blood flow.
Blood clotting: The formation of a solid gel made up of the protein, fibrin, platelets, and trapped blood cells.

The critical step in blood clotting is the formation of thrombin from prothrombin, which then catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The final clot is stabilized by covalent cross-linkages between fibrin strands catalyzed by factor XIIIa (the formation of which is catalyzed by ...

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Key Cardiovascular Variables and Their Normal Determinants

Hemostasis

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