+
Adams
SM Evaluating effects of contaminants on fish health at multiple levels of biological organization: extrapolating from lower to higher levels. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2000;6:15–27.
+
Adams
SM, Shepard
KL, Greeley
MS, Jimenez
BD, Ryon
MG, Shugart
LR The use of bioindicators for assessing the effects of pollutant stress on fish. Mar Environ Res. 1989;28:459–464.
+
Albert
A, Drouillard
K, Haffner
GD, Dixon
B Dietary exposure to low pesticide doses causes long-term immunosuppression in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007;26:1179–1185.
+
Allison
N, Millward
GE, Jones
MB Particle processing by Mytilus edulis: effects on bioavailability of metals. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 1998;22:149.
+
Allred
PM, Giesy
JP Use of in situ microcosms to study mass loss and chemical composition of leaf litter being processed in a blackwater stream. Arch Hydrobiol. 1988;114:231.
+
Amat
A, Pfol-Leskowicz
A, Burgeot
T, Castegnaro
M DNA adducts as a biomarker of pollution: field study on the genotoxic impact evolution of the Erika oil spills on mussels (Mytilus edulis) over a period of eleven months. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2004;24:713–732.
+
Anders
A Biostatistics for Epidemiologists. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993.
+
Anderson
DW, Jehl
JR, Risebrough
RW, Woods
LA, Deweese
LR, Edgecomb
WG Brown pelicans: improved reproduction off the Southern California Coast. Science. 1975;190:806.
+
Ankley
GT, Daston
GP, Degitz
SJ
et al Toxicogenomics in regulatory ecotoxicology. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40:4055–4065.
+
Ankley
GT, Erickson
RJ, Sheedy
BR
et al Evaluation of models for predicting the phototoxic potency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Aquat Toxicol. 1997;37:37–50.
+
Antkiewicz
DS, Burns
CG, Carney
SA, Peterson
RE, Heideman
W Heart malformation is an early response to TCDD in embryonic zebrafish. Toxicol Sci. 2005;84:368–377.
+
Arfsten
DP, Schaeffer
DJ, Mulveny
DC The effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in animals and plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1996;33:1–24.
+
ASTM International. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 11.05, Pesticides; Environmental Assessment; Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responses. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2006.
+
ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Lead. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 1999.
+
Aubone
A Loss of stability owing to a stable age structure skewed toward juveniles. Ecol Model. 2004;175:55.
+
Auffret
M, Rousseau
S, Boutet
I
et al A multiparametric approach for monitoring immunotoxic responses in mussels from contaminated sites in Western Mediterranean. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2006;63:393–405.
+
Bainy
ACD, Saito
E, Carvalho
PSM, Junqueira
VBC Oxidative stress in gill, erythrocytes, liver and kidney of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from a polluted site. Aquat Toxicol. 1996;34:151–162.
+
Baker
CF, Montgomery
JC Sensory deficits induced by cadmium in banded kokopu, Galaxias fasciatus, juveniles. Environ Biol Fishes. 2001;62:455–464.
+
Baldwin
DH, Sandahl
JF, Labenia
JS, Scholz
NL Sublethal effects of copper on coho salmon: impacts on nonoverlapping receptor pathways in the peripheral olfactory nervous system. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003;22:2266–2274.
+
Basu
N, Klenavic
K, Gamberg
M
et al Effects of mercury on neurochemical receptor-binding characteristics in wild mink. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:1444–1450.
+
Bauder
MB, Palace
VP, Hodson
PV Is oxidative stress the mechanism of blue sac disease in retene-exposed trout larvae? Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:694–702.
+
Baumann
PC Epizootics of cancer in fish associated with genotoxins in sediment and water. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 1998;411:227–233.
+
Baumann
PC, Harshbarger
JC Long term trends in liver neoplasm epizootics of brown bullhead in the Black River, Ohio. Environ Monit Assess. 1998;53:213–223.
+
Benson
WH, Di Giulio
RT eds. Emerging Molecular and Computational Approaches for Cross-Species Extrapolations. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
+
Beyer
WN A reexamination of biomagnifications of metals in terrestrial food chains. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1986;5:863–864.
+
Biesmeijer
JC, Roberts
SPM, Reemer
M
et al Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science. 2006;313:351.
+
Billiard
SM, Querbach
K, Hodson
PV Toxicity of retene to early life stages of two freshwater fish species. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:2070–2077.
+
Billiard
SM, Timme-Laragy
AR, Wassenberg
DM, Cockman
C, Di Giulio
RT The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in mediating synergistic developmental toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to zebrafish. Toxicol Sci. 2006;92:526–536.
+
Birdsall
CW, Grue
CE, Anderson
A Lead concentrations in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles inhabiting highway drainages. Environ Pollut. 1986;40A:233–247.
+
Broman
D, Naf
C, Rolff
C, Zebuhr
Y, Fry
B, Hobbie
J Using ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes to estimate bioaccumulation and flux of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in two food chains from the Northern Baltic. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1992;11:331.
+
Broomhall
S The effects of endosulfan and variable water temperature on survivorship and subsequent vulnerability to predation in Litoria citropa tadpoles. Aquat Toxicol. 2002;61:243.
+
Brown
RE, Brain
JD, Wang
N The avian respiratory system: a unique model for studies of respiratory toxicosis and for monitoring air quality. Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105:188–200.
+
Bury
NR The changes to apical silver membrane uptake, and basolateral membrane silver export in the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on exposure to sublethal silver concentrations. Aquat Toxicol. 2005;72:135–145.
+
Bustnes
JO, Miland
O, Fjeld
M
et al Relationships between ecological variables and four organochlorine pollutants in an artic glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) population. Environ Pollut. 2005;136:175–185.
+
Butcher
SS, Charlson
RJ, Orians
GH, Wolfe
GV Global Biogeochemical Cycles. London: Academic Press; 1992.
+
Butler
RA, Kelley
ML, Powell
WH, Hahn
ME, Van Beneden
RJ An aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) homologue from the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria: evidence that invertebrate AHR homologues lack 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and beta-naphthoflavone binding. Gene. 2001;278:223–234.
+
Campbell
LM, Fask
AT, Wang
X, Kock
G, Muir
DCG Evidence for biomagnifications of rubidium in freshwater and marine food webs. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 2005;62:1161–1167.
+
Campbell
PGC, Tessier
A Ecotoxicology of metals in the aquatic environment: geochemical aspects. In: Newman MC, Jagoe CH, eds. Ecotoxicology. A Hierarchical Treatment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1996:11.
+
Carls
MG, Rice
SD, Hose
JE Sensitivity of fish embryos to weathered crude oil: part I. Low-level exposure during incubation causes malformations, genetic damage, and mortality in larval Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi). Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:481–493.
+
Carney
SA, Peterson
RE, Heideman
W 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator pathway causes developmental toxicity through a CYP1A-independent mechanism in zebrafish. Mol Pharmacol. 2004;66:512–521.
+
Carney
SA, Prasch
AL, Heideman
W, Peterson
RE Understanding dioxin developmental toxicity using the zebrafish model. Birth Defects Res A. 2006;76:7–18.
+
Carr
RL, Ho
LL, Chambers
JE Selective toxicity of chlorpyrifos to several species of fish during an environmental exposure: biochemical mechanisms. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1997;16:2369–2374.
+
Carson
R Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1962.
+
Carvalho
PSM, Tillitt
DE 2,3,7,8-TCDD effects on visual structure and function in swim-up rainbow trout. Environ Sci Technol. 2004;38:6300–6306.
+
Caswell
H Matrix Population Models. Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 2001.
+
Chandler
GT, Cary
TL, Bejarano
AC, Pender
J, Ferry
JL Population consequences of fipronil and degradates to copepods at field concentrations: an integration of life cycle testing with Leslie matrix population modeling. Environ Sci Technol. 2004;38:6407.
+
Chapman
PM Indirect effects of contaminants. Mar Pollut Bull. 2004;48:411.
+
Chaty
S, Rodius
F, Vasseur
P A comparative study of the expression of CYP1A and CYP4 genes in aquatic invertebrate (freshwater mussel, Unio tumidus) and vertebrate (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol. 2004;69:81–93.
+
Chen
Z, Mayer
LM Mechanisms of Cu solubilization during deposit feeding. Environ Sci Technol. 1998;32:770.
+
Cherkasov
AS, Biswas
PK, Ridings
DM, Ringwood
AH, Sokolova
IM Effects of acclimation temperature and cadmium exposure on cellular energy budgets in the marine mollusk Crassostrea virginica: linking cellular and mitochondrial responses. J Exp Biol. 2006;209:1274–1284.
+
Chernyak
SM, McConnell
LL, Rice
CP Fate of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in arctic and far eastern ecosystems in the Russian Federation. Sci Total Environ. 1995;75:160–161.
+
Chiou
CT Partition coefficients of organic compounds in lipid–water systems and correlations with fish bioconcentration factor. Environ Sci Technol. 1985;19:57.
+
Chiverton
PA The benefits of unsprayed cereal crop margins to grey partridge Perdix perdix and pheasants Phasianu colchicus in Sweden. Wildl Biol. 1999;5:8.
+
Chowdhury
MJ, Pane
EF, Wood
CM Physiological effects of dietary cadmium acclimation and waterborne cadmium challenge in rainbow trout: respiratory, ionoregulatory, and stress parameters. Comp Biochem Physiol. 2004;139C:163–173.
+
Clark
AJ, Scheuhammer
AM Lead poisoning in upland-foraging birds of prey in Canada. Ecotoxicology. 2003;12:23–30.
+
Clarke
KR Nonmetric multivariate analysis in community-level ecotoxicology. Env Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:118–127.
+
Collier
TK, Singh
SV, Awasthi
YC, Varanasi
U Hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in 2 species of benthic fish showing different prevalences of contaminant-associated liver neoplasms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1992;113:319–324.
+
Connell
DW Bioaccumulation of Xenobiotic Compounds. –: CRC Press; 1990.
+
Cook
PM, Robbins
JA, Endicott
DD
et al Effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated early life stage toxicity on lake trout populations in Lake Ontario during the 20th century. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37:3864–3877.
+
Costanza
R, Norton
BG, Haskell
BD eds. Ecosystem Health. New Goals for Environmental Management. Washington, DC: Island Press; 1992.
+
Crollius
HR, Weissenbach
J Fish genomics and biology. Genome Res. 2005;15:1675–1682.
+
Culp
JM, Lowell
RB, Cash
KJ Integrating mesocosm experiments with field and laboratory studies to generate weight-of-evidence risk assessments for large rivers. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2000;19:1167.
+
Custer
TW, Custer
CM, Dickerson
K, Allen
K, Melancon
MJ, Schmidt
LJ Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, trace elements, and monooxygenase activity in birds nesting on the North Platte River, Casper, Wyoming, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001;20:624–631.
+
Custer
TW, Custer
CM, Hines
RK
et al Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive success of double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:1209–1217.
+
Day
KE Short-term effects of herbicides on primary productivity of periphyton in lotic environments. Ecotoxicology. 1993;2:123.
+
Denison
MS, Nagy
SR Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2003;43:309–334.
+
Deroo
BJ, Korach
KS Estrogen receptors and human disease. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:561–570.
+
Devlin
EW Acute toxicity, uptake and histopathology of aqueous methyl mercury to fathead minnow embryos. Ecotoxicology. 2006;15:97–110.
+
Di Giulio
RT, Benson
WE Interconnections between Human Health and Ecological Integrity. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press; 2002.
+
Di Giulio
RT, Hinton
DE eds. The Toxicology of Fishes. CRC Press. 2008.
+
Di Giulio
RT, Monosson
E eds. Interconnections between Human and Ecosystem Health. London: Chapman and Hall; 1996.
+
Di Giulio
RT, Washburn
PC, Wenning
RJ, Winston
GW, Jewell
CS Biochemical responses in aquatic animals: a review of determinants of oxidative stress. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1989;8:1103–1123.
+
Di Toro
DM, Mahony
JD, Hansen
DJ
et al Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: the role of acid volatile sulfide. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1990;9:1487.
+
Di Toro
DM, McGrath
JA, Hansen
DJ
et al Predicting sediment metal toxicity using a sediment biotic ligand model: methodology and initial application. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:2410–2427.
+
Di Toro
DM, Zarba
CS, Hanson
DJ
et al Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1991;10:1541–1583.
+
Dopp
E, Barker
CM, Schiffmann
D, Reinisch
CL Detection of micronuclei in hemocytes of Mya arenaria: association with leukemia and induction with an alkylating agent. Aquat Toxicol. 1996;34:31–45.
+
Dorval
J, Leblond
V, Deblois
C, Hontela
A Oxidative stress and endocrine endpoints in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from a river impacted by agricultural chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:1273–1280.
+
du Corbier
FA, Lyons
BP, Stentiford
GA, Rotchell
JM The role of the retinoblastoma gene in liver tumor development in fish. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39:9785–9790.
+
Eaton
D, Gallagher
E, Hooper
M
et al Species differences in response to toxic substances: shared pathways of toxicity—values and limitations of omic technologies to elucidate mechanism or mode of action. In: Benson WH, Di Giulio RT, eds. Emerging Molecular and Computational Approaches for Cross-Species Extrapolations. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
+
Environmental Protection Agency. Summary Report on Issues in Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/625/3-91/018. Springfield, VA: NTIS; 1991.
+
Evans
DH The fish gill: site of action and model for toxic effects of environmental pollutants. Environ Health Perspect. 1987;71:47–58.
+
Evans
MI, Syemens
P, Pilcher
CWT Short-term damage to coastal bird populations in Saudi-Arabia and Kuwait following the 1991 Gulf War marine pollution. Mar Pollut Bull. 1993;27:157–161.
+
Fairbrother
A, Ankley
GT, Birnbaum
LS
et al Reproductive and developmental toxicology of contaminants in oviparous animals. In: Di Giulio RT, Tillitt DE, eds. Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Contaminants in Oviparous Vertebrates. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press; 1999:283–361.
+
Fairbrother
A, Smits
J, Grasman
KA Avian immunotoxicology. J Toxicol Environ Health Crit Rev. 2004;7B:105–137.
+
Fernandez
P, Grimait
JO On the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants. CHIMIA. 2003;57:514.
+
Fernie
KJ, Mayne
G, Shutt
JL
et al Evidence of immunomodulation in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant PBDEs. Environ Pollut. 2005;138:485–493.
+
Fleeger
JW, Carman
KR, Nisbet
RM Indirect effects of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Sci Total Environ. 2003;317:207.
+
Forbes
VE, Calow
P Is per capita rate of increase a good measure of population-level effects in ecotoxicology? Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:1544.
+
Forman
RTT, Godron
M Landscape Ecology. New York: Wiley; 1986.
+
Fossi
MC, Marsili
L The use of non-destructive biomarkers in the study of marine mammals. Biomarkers. 1997;2:205–216.
+
Fox
G Practical causal inference for ecoepidemiologists. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1991;33:359.
+
Fridovich
I Mitochondria: are they the seat of senescence? Aging Cell. 2004;3:13–16.
+
Fry
DM Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrial chemicals. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103(suppl 7):165–171.
+
Gard
TC Stochastic models for toxicant-stressed populations. Bull Math Biol. 1992;54:827.
+
Gardner
SC, Oberdorster
E Toxicology of Reptiles. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis; 2005.
+
Gilbertson
M, Kubiak
T, Ludwig
J
et al Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds—similarity to chick edema disease. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1991;33:455–520.
+
Grue
CE, Gilbert
PL, Seeley
ME Neurophysiological and behavioral changes in non-target wildlife exposed to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides: thermoregulation, food consumption, and reproduction. Am Zool. 1997;37:369–388.
+
Grue
CE, Powell
GVN, McChesney
MJ Care of nestlings by wild female starlings exposed to an organo-phosphate pesticide. J Appl Ecol. 1982;19:327–335.
+
Guillette
LJ, Crain
DA, Gunderson
MP
et al Alligators and endocrine disrupting contaminants: a current perspective. Am Zool. 2000;40:438–452.
+
Hahn
ME Aryl hydrocarbon receptors: diversity and evolution. Chem Biol Interact. 2002;141:131–160.
+
Hahn
ME, Merson
RR, Karchner
SI Xenobiotic receptors in fish: structural and functional diversity and evolutionary insights. In: Mommsen TP, Moon TW, eds. Environmental Toxicology, Vol 6, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2005.
+
Hall
AJ, Hugunin
K, Deaville
R
et al The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): a case–control approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:704–711.
+
Halliwell
B, Gutteridge
JMC Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1999.
+
Handy
RD, Runnalls
T, Russell
PM Histopathologic biomarkers in three spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from several rivers in Southern England that meet the freshwater fisheries directive. Ecotoxicology. 2002;11:467–479.
+
Hankinson
O The aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995;35:307–340.
+
Harries
JE, Sheahan
DA, Jobling
S
et al Estrogenic activity in five United Kingdom rivers detected by measurement of vitellogenesis in caged male trout. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1997;16:534–543.
+
Harshbarger
JC, Clark
JB Epizootiology of neoplasms of bony fish of North America. Sci Total Environ. 1990;94:1–32.
+
Hasspieler
BM, Behar
JV, Di Giulio
RT Glutathione-dependent defense in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1994;28:82–90.
+
Heath
JA, Frederick
PC Relationships among mercury concentrations, hormones, and nesting effort of White Ibises (Eudocimus albus) in the Florida Everglades. Auk. 2005;122:255–267.
+
Heid
SE, Walker
MK, Swanson
HI Correlation of cardiotoxicity mediated by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons to aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. Toxicol Sci. 2001;61:187–196.
+
Henny
CJ Effects of mining lead on birds: a case history at Coeur d’Alene Basin, Idaho. In: Hoffman DJ, Rattner BA, Burton GA Jr, Cairns J Jr, eds. Handbook of Ecotoxicology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis; 2003.
+
Hill
AB The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;59:295.
+
Hinton
DE Cells, cellular responses, and their markers in chronic toxicity. In: Malins DC, Ostrander GK, eds. Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical, and Cellular Perspectives. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis; 1994: 207–239.
+
Hippeli
S, Elstner
EF Mechanisms of oxygen activation during plant stress: biochemical effects of air pollutants. J Plant Physiol. 1996;148:249–257.
+
Hoffman
DJ, Marn
CM, Marois
KC Sublethal effects in avocet and stilt hatchlings from selenium-contaminated sites. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003a;21:561–566.
+
Hoffman
DJ, Rattner
BA, Burton
GA, Cairns
J eds. Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis/CRC Publishers; 2003b.
+
Holm
J, Palace
V, Siwik
P
et al Developmental effects of bioaccumulated selenium in eggs and larvae of two salmonid species. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:2373–2381.
+
Hontela
A Endocrine and physiological responses to xenobiotics in fish: role of glucocorticoid hormones. Rev Toxicol. 1997;1:1–46.
+
Horness
BH, Lomax
DP, Johnson
LL, Myers
MS, Pierce
SM, Collier
TK Sediment quality thresholds: estimates from hockey stick regression of liver prevalence in English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus). Environ Toxicol Chem. 1998;17:872.
+
Hose
JE, Cross
JN, Smith
SG, Diehl
DL Elevated circulating erythrocyte micronuclei in fishes from contaminated sites off southern California. Mar Environ Res. 1987;22:167–176.
+
Huang
YW, Matthews
JB, Fertuck
KC, Zacharewski
TR Use of Xenopus laevis as a model for investigating in vitro and in vivo endocrine disruption in amphibians. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:2002–2009.
+
Huggett
RJ, Kimerle
RA, Mehrle
PM
Jr, Bergman
HL eds. Biomarkers. Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis; 1992.
+
Husby
MP, McBee
K Nuclear DNA content variation and double-strand DNA breakage in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) collected from abandoned strip mines, Oklahoma, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:926–931.
+
Hwang
HM, Wade
TL, Sericano
JL Relationship between lysosomal membrane destabilization and chemical body burden in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002;21:1268–1271.
+
Incardona
JP, Carls
MG, Teraoka
H
et al Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-independent toxicity of weathered crude oil during fish development. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:1755–1762.
+
Jansen
A, Forbes
VE, Parker
ED
Jr Variation in cadmium uptake, feeding rate, and life-history effects in the gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum: linking toxicant effects on individuals to the population level. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001;20:2503.
+
Johnson
L, Casillas
E, Sol
S, Collier
T, Stein
J, Varanasi
U Contaminant effects on reproductive success in selected benthic fish. Mar Environ Res. 1993;35:165–170.
+
Johnson
LL, Stein
JE, Collier
TK, Casillas
E, Varanasi
U Indicators of reproductive development in prespawning female winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) from urban and nonurban estuaries in the northeast United States. Sci Total Environ. 1994;141:241–260.
+
Kammenga
J, Laskowski
R Demography in Ecotoxicology. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2000.
+
Kappus
H Overview of enzyme systems involved in bio-reduction of drugs and in redox cycling. Biochem Pharmacol. 1986;35:1–6.
+
Karr
JR Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecol Appl. 1991;1:66.
+
Kedwards
TJ, Maund
SJ, Chapman
PF Community level analysis of ecotoxicological field studies: I. Biological monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:149.
+
Keller
JM, McClellan-Green
PD, Kucklick
JR, Keil
DE, Peden-Adams
MM Effects of organochlorine contaminants on loggerhead sea turtle immunity: comparison of a correlative field study and in vitro exposure experiments. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:70–76.
+
Kendall
RJ, Anderson
TA, Baker
RJ
et al Ecotoxicology. In: Klaassen CD, ed. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, the Basic Science of Poisons. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001.
+
Kendall
RJ, Lacher
TE
Jr, Bunck
C
et al An ecological risk assessment of lead shot exposure in non-waterfowl avian species: upland game birds and raptors. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1996;15:4–20.
+
Kidd
KA, Bootsma
HA, Hesslein
RH, Hecky
RE Biomagnification of DDT through the benthic and pelagic food webs of Lake Malawi, East Africa: importance of trophic level and carbon source. Environ Sci Technol. 2001;35:14–20.
+
Klobicar
GI, Stambuk
A, Pavlica
M, Sertic Peric
M, Kutuzovic Hackenberger
B, Hylland
K Genotoxicity monitoring of freshwater environments using caged carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicology. 2010;19:77–84.
+
Kohler
A, Wahl
E, Soffker
K Functional and morphological changes of lysosomes as prognostic biomarkers of toxic liver injury in a marine flatfish (Platichthys flesus (L.)). Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002;21:2434–2444.
+
Korthals
GW, Alexiev
AD, Lexmond
TM, Kammenga
JE, Bongers
T Long-term effects of copper and pH on the nematode community in an agroecosystem. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1996;15:979.
+
Krebs
CJ Ecological Methodology. 2nd ed. New York: Benjamin Cummings; 1998.
+
Kreutzweiser
DP, Capell
SS, Scarr
TA Community-level responses by stream insects to NEEM products containing azadirachtin. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2000;19:855.
+
Krivtsov
V Investigations of indirect relationships in ecology and environmental science: a review and the implications for comparative theoretical ecosystem analysis. Ecol Model. 2004;174:37.
+
Landis
WG, Matthews
RA, Matthews
GB Design and analysis of multispecies toxicity tests for pesticide registration. Ecol Appl. 1997;7:1111.
+
Larson
RA, Weber
EJ Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers; 1994.
+
Larsson
DGJ, Adolfsson-Erici
M, Parkkonen
J
et al Ethinyloestradiol—an undesired fish contraceptive? Aquat Toxicol. 1999;45:91–97.
+
Lee
B-G, Griscom
SB, Lee
J-K
et al Influences of dietary uptake and reactive sulfides on metal bioavailability from aquatic sediments. Science. 2000;287:282.
+
Lemly
AD Symptoms and implications of selenium toxicity in fish: the Belews Lake case example. Aquat Toxicol. 2002;57:39–49.
+
Leslie
HA, Oosthoek
AJP, Busser
FJM, Kraak
MHS, Hermens
JLM Biomimetic solid-phase microextraction to predict body residues and toxicity of chemicals that act by narcosis. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002;21:229.
+
Li
J, Quabius
ES, Wendelaar Bonga
SE, Flik
G, Lock
RAC Effects of water-borne copper on branchial chloride cells and Na+/K+-ATPase activities in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Aquat Toxicol. 1998;43:1–11.
+
Linbo
TL, Stehr
CM, Incardona
JP, Scholz
NL Dissolved copper triggers cell death in the peripheral mechanosensory system of larval fish. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006;25:597–603.
+
Lipscomb
TP, Harris
RK, Rebar
AH, Ballachey
BE, Haebler
RJ Exxon Valdez Oil Spill State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment, Final Report. Pathological Studies of Sea Otters (Marine Mammal Study 6–11). Anchorage, AK: US FWS; June 1996.
+
Little
PFR Structure and function of the human genome. Genome Res. 2005;15:1759–1766.
+
Livingstone
DR Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Mar Pollut Bull. 2001;42:656–666.
+
Lloyd
R, Herbert
DWM The influence of carbon dioxide on the toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Ann Appl Biol. 1960;48:399.
+
Loge
FJ, Arkoosh
MR, Ginn
TR, Johnson
LL, Collier
TK Impact of environmental stressors on the dynamics of disease transmission. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39:7329–7336.
+
Loreau
M Does functional redundancy exist? Oikos. 2004;104:606.
+
Lorenzen
A, Williams
KL, Moon
TW Determination of the estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects of environmental contaminants in chicken embryo hepatocyte cultures by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003;22:2329–2336.
+
Luoma
SN Can we determine the biological availability of sediment-bound trace elements? Hydrobiologia. 1989;379:176–177.
+
Luoma
SN, Bryan
GW Factors controlling the availability of sediment-bound lead to the estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana. J Mar Biol Assoc UK. 1978;58:793.
+
Maccubbin
AE DNA adduct analysis in fish: laboratory and field studies. In: Malins DC, Ostrander GK, eds. Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical, and Cellular Perspectives. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers; 1994:267–294.
+
Mackay
D Correlation of bioconcentration factors. Environ Sci Technol. 1982;16:274.
+
MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). Guidance on Toxicological Study Data for Application of Pesticide Registration. No. 59-Nousan-4200. Japan: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; 1985.
+
Magurran
AE Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1988.
+
Malins
DC, Anderson
KM, Stegeman
JJ
et al Biomarkers signal contaminant effects on the organs of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:823–829.
+
Malins
DC, Krahn
MM, Brown
DW
et al Toxic chemicals in marine sediment and biota from Mukilteo, Washington: relationships with hepatic neoplasms and other hepatic lesions in English sole (Parophrys vetulus). J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1987;74:487–494.
+
Mallet
J The evolution of insecticide resistance: have the insects won? Trends Ecol Evol. 1989;14:336.
+
Martineau
D, Lemberger
K, Dallaire
A
et al Cancer in wildlife, a case study: beluga from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:285–292.
+
Mason
AZ, Nott
JA The role of intracellular biomineralized granules in the regulation and detoxification of metals in gastropods with special reference to the marine prosobranch Littorina littorea. Aquat Toxicol. 1981;1:239.
+
Mathews
AP The relation between solution tension, atomic volume, and the physiological action of elements. Am J Physiol. 1904;10:290.
+
Mauer
BA, Holt
RD Effects of chronic pesticide stress on wildlife populations in complex landscapes: processes at multiple scales. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1996;15:420.
+
Mayer
LM, Chen
Z, Findlay
RH
et al Bioavailability of sedimentary contaminants subject to deposit-feeder digestion. Environ Sci Technol. 1996;30:2641.
+
McDonald
BG, Chapman
PM PAH phototoxicity—an environmentally irrelevant phenomenon? Mar Pollut Bull. 2002;44:1321–1326.
+
McMahon
G, Huber
LJ, Moore
MJ, Stegeman
JJ, Wogan
GN Mutations in c-Ki-ras oncogenes in diseased livers of winter flounder from Boston Harbor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:841–845.
+
Mellanen
P, Soimasuo
M, Holmbloom
B, Oikari
A, Santti
R Expression of the Vitellogenin gene in the liver of juvenile whitefish (Coregonus lavaletus L. s.l.) exposed to effluents from pulp and paper mills. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1999;43:133–137.
+
Meyer
JN, Nacci
D, Di Giulio
RT Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus): heritability of altered expression and relationship to survival in contaminated sediments. Toxicol Sci. 2002;68:69–81.
+
Meyer
JN, Smith
JD, Winston
GW, Di Guilio
RT Antioxidant defenses in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) exposed to contaminated sediments and model prooxidants: short-term and heritable responses. Aquat Toxicol. 2003;65:377.
+
Miller
KA, Assuncao
MGL, Dangerfield
NJ, Bandiera
SM, Ross
PS Assessment of cytochrome P450 1A in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) using a minimally-invasive biopsy approach. Mar Environ Res. 2005;60:153–169.
+
Mineau
P ed. Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Insecticides: Their Impact on Wildlife and the Environment. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 1991.
+
Mineau
P, Fletcher
MR, Glaser
LC
et al Poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides with emphasis on Canada, US and UK. J Raptor Res. 1999;33:1–37.
+
Miranda
ML, Mohai
P, Bus
J
et al Policy concepts and applications. In: Di Giulio RT, Benson WH, eds. Interconnections between Human Health and Ecological Integrity. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press; 2002.
+
Moller
P The alkaline comet assay: towards validation in biomonitoring of DNA damaging exposures. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006;98:336–345.
+
Mommsen
TP, Moon
TW Environmental Toxicology. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes. Vol. 6. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2005.
+
Moore
MN Do nanoparticles present ecotoxicological risks for the health of the aquatic environment? Environ Int. 2006;32:967–976.
+
Moore
MN, Allen
JI, McVeigh
A Environmental prognostics: an integrated model supporting lysosomal stress responses as predictive biomarkers of animal health status. Mar Environ Res. 2006;61:278–304.
+
Mulvey
M, Newman
MC, Vogelbein
W, Unger
MA Genetic structure of Fundulus heteroclitus from PAH-contaminated and neighboring sites in the Elizabeth and York Rivers. Aquat Toxicol. 2002;61:195.
+
Mulvey
M, Newman
MC, Vogelbein
W, Unger
MA, Ownby
DR Genetic structure and mtDNA diversity of Fundulus heteroclitus populations from PAH-contaminated and neighboring sites. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003;22:671.
+
Munkittrick
KR, Portt
CB, van der Kraak
GJ
et al Impact of bleached kraft mill effluent on population characteristics, liver MFO activity, and serum steroid levels of a Lake Superior white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) population. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 1991;48:1371–1380.
+
Myers
MS, Stehr
CM, Olson
OP
et al Relationships between toxicopathic hepatic lesions and exposure to chemical contaminants in English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus), starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), and white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) from selected marine sites on the Pacific coast, USA. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102:200.
+
Naeem
S, Thompson
LJ, Lawler
SP, Lawton
JH, Woodfin
RM Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature. 1994;6473:734–737.
+
National Research Council. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1983.
+
Nebert
DW, Roe
AL, Dieter
MZ, Solis
WA, Yang
Y, Dalton
TP Role of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor and [Ah] gene battery in the oxidative stress response, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;59:65–85.
+
Neely
WK, Branson
DR, Blau
GE Partition coefficient to measure bioconcentration potential of organic chemicals in fish. Environ Sci Technol. 1974;8:1113.
+
Newman
MC Population Ecotoxicology. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2001.
+
Newman
MC Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis/Taylor and Francis; 2010.
+
Newman
MC Quantitative Methods. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor and Francis; 2013.
+
Newman
MC, Clements
WH Ecotoxicology, A Comprehensive Treatment. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis/CRC; 2008.
+
Newman
MC, Crane
M, Holloway
G Does pesticide risk assessment in the European Union assess long-term effects? Rev Environ Toxicol. 2006;187:1.
+
Nigro
M, Falleni
A, Del Barga
I
et al Cellular biomarkers for monitoring estuarine environments: transplanted versus native mussels. Aquat Toxicol. 2006;77:339–347.
+
Nott
JA, Nicolaidou
A Bioreduction of zinc and manganese along a molluscan food chain. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1993;104A:235.
+
NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission). Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
+
O’Connor
RJ Toward the incorporation of spatiotemporal dynamics into ecotoxicology. In: Rhodes OE Jr, Chesser RK, Smith MH, eds. Population Dynamics in Ecological Space and Time. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press; 1996:281.
+
Odum
EP Trends expected in stressed ecosystems. Bioscience. 1985;35:419.
+
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Paris, France: OECD Publishing; 1981.
+
Ohlendorf
HM The birds of Kesterson Reservoir: a historical perspective. Aquat Toxicol. 2002;57:1–10.
+
O’Keefe
MK, Baum
A Perceptions of ecosystem health, stress and human well-being. In: Di Giulio RT, Monosson E, eds. Interconnections between Human and Ecosystem Health. London: Chapman and Hall; 1996.
+
Ormseth
OA, Ben-David
M Ingestion of crude oil: effects on digesta retention times and nutrient uptake in captive river otters. J Comp Physiol B. 2000;170:419.
+
Ostrander
GK, Rotchell
JM Fish models of carcinogenesis. In: Mommsen TP, Moon TW, eds. Environmental Toxicology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes. Vol. 6. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2005.
+
Ownby
D, Newman
MC, Mulvey
M, Unger
M, Vogelbein
W Fish (Fundulus heteroclitus) populations with different exposure histories differ in tolerance of creosote-contaminated sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002;21:1897.
+
Pacheco
M, Santos
MA Biotransformation, genotoxic, and histopathological effects of environmental contaminants in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2002;53:331–347.
+
Paerl
HW, Pinckney
JL, Fear
JM, Peierls
BL Ecosystem responses to internal and watershed organic matter loading: consequences for hypoxia in the eutrophying Neuse river estuary, North Carolina, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1999;166:17–25.
+
Parker
ML, Goldstein
MI Differential toxicities of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in the nestling European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000;39:233–242.
+
Partridge
GG Relative fitness of genotypes in a population of Rattus norvegicus polymorphic for warfarin resistance. Heredity. 1979;43:239.
+
Patrick
R Use of algae, especially diatoms in the assessment of water quality. ASTM Spec Tech Bull. 1973;528:76.
+
Peakall
D Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1992.
+
Peeters
ETHM, Gardeniers
JJP, Koelmans
AA Contribution of trace metals in structuring in situ macroinvertebrate community composition along a salinity gradient. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2000;19:1002.
+
Peterson
CH, Rice
SD, Short
JW, Esler
D, Bodkin
BE, Irons
DB Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Science. 2003;302:2082–2086.
+
Phillips
DH Detection of DNA modifications by the 32P-postlabelling assay. Mutat Res. 1997;178:1–12.
+
Pinkney
AE, Harshbarger
JC, May
EB, Melancon
MJ Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the tidal Potomac River, USA, watershed. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001;20:1196–1205.
+
Ploch
SA, King
LC, Kohan
MJ, Di Giulio
RT Comparative in vitro and in vivo benzo(a)pyrene–DNA adduct formation and its relationship to CYP1A activity in two species of Ictalurid catfish. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998;149:90–98.
+
Porte
C, Janer
G, Lorusso
LC
et al Endocrine disruptors in marine organisms: approaches and perspectives. Comp Biochem Physiol. 2006;143C:303–315.
+
Pratt
JR, Cairns
J
Jr Ecotoxicology and the redundancy problem: understanding effects on community structure and function. In: Newman MC, Jagoe CH, eds. Ecotoxicology. A Hierarchical Treatment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Lewis; 1996:347.
+
Preston
BL Indirect effects in aquatic ecotoxicology: implications for ecological risk assessment. Environ Manage. 2002;29:311.
+
Rambler
MB, Margulis
L, Fester
R Global Ecology. Towards a Science of the Biosphere. Boston: Academic Press; 1989.
+
Rand
GM Behavior. In: Rand GM, Petrocelli AR, eds. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology. Washington, DC: Hemisphere; 1985:221–263.
+
Rands
MRW Pesticide use on cereals and the survival of grey partridge Perdix perdix chicks in a field experiment. J Appl Ecol. 1985;22:49.
+
Reichert
WL, Myers
MS, Peck-Miller
K
et al Molecular epizootiology of genotoxic events in marine fish: linking contaminant exposure, DNA damage, and tissue-level alterations. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 1998;411:215–225.
+
Reinfelder
JR, Fisher
NS The assimilation of elements ingested by marine copepods. Science. 1991;251:794.
+
Rice
CD, Schlenk
D Immune function and cytochrome P4501A activity after acute exposure to 3,3,4,4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) in channel catfish. J Aquat Anim Health. 1995;7:195–204.
+
Richardson
CJ, Di Giulio
RT, Tandy
NE Free Radical Mediated Processes as Markers of Air Pollution Stress in Trees. Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989:251–260.
+
Rogers
JT, Richards
JG, Wood
CM Ionoregulatory disruption as the acute toxic mechanism for lead in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol. 2003;64:215–234.
+
Ross
P, De Swart
R, Addison
R
et al Contaminant-induced immunotoxicity in harbour seals: wildlife at risk? Toxicology. 1996;112:157–169.
+
Rotchell
JM, Ostrander
GK Molecular markers of endocrine disruption in aquatic organisms. J Toxicol Environ Health B. 2003;6:453–495.
+
Rowan
DJ, Rasmussen
JB Bioaccumulation of radioceasium by fish: the influence of physicochemical factors and trophic structure. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 1994;51:2388–2410.
+
Ruiz
JM, Barreiro
R, Gonzalez
JJ Biomonitoring organotin pollution with gastropods and mussels. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2005;287:169–176.
+
Salminen
J, Van Gestel
CAM, Oksanen
J Pollution-induced community tolerance and functional redundancy in a decomposer food web in metal-stressed soil. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001;20:2287.
+
Sanchez-Dardon
J, Voccia
I, Hontela
A
et al Immunomodulation by heavy metals tested individually or in mixtures in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed in vivo. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:1492–1497.
+
Sandahl
JF, Baldwin
DH, Jenkins
JJ, Scholtz
NL Comparative thresholds for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and behavioral impairment in coho salmon exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:136–145.
+
Saucier
D, Astic
L, Rioux
P The effects of early chronic exposure to sublethal copper on the olfactory discrimination of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environ Biol Fishes. 1991;30:345–351.
+
Schafer
FQ, Buettner
GR Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;30:1191–1212.
+
Schlenk
D, Benson
W Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts. New York: Taylor and Francis; 2001.
+
Schlezinger
JJ, Stegeman
JJ Induction and suppression of cytochrome P450 1A by 3,3,4,4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl and its relationship to oxidative stress in the marine fish scup (Stenotomus chrysops). Aquat Toxicol. 2001;52:101–115.
+
Schmidt
CW Toxicogenomics. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:A750–A755.
+
Schmitt
CJ, Whyte
JJ, Brumbaugh
WG, Tillitt
DE Biochemical effects of lead, zinc, and cadmium from mining on fish in the Tri-States district of northeastern Oklahoma, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:1483–1495.
+
Scholz
NL, Truelove
NK, French
BL
et al Diazinon disrupts antipredator and homing behaviors in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 2000;57:1911–1918.
+
Schwacke
LH, Voit
EO, Hansen
LJ
et al Probabilistic risk assessment of reproductive effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the southeast United States coast. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002;21:2752–2764.
+
Scott
GR, Sloman
KA The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquat Toxicol. 2004;68:369–392.
+
Shelby
MD, Newbold
RR, Tully
DB, Chae
K, Davis
VL Assessing environmental chemicals for estrogenicity using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. Environ Health Perspect. 1996;104:1296–1300.
+
Sherratt
TN, Roberts
G, Williams
P
et al A life-history approach to predicting the recovery of aquatic invertebrate populations after exposure to xenobiotic chemical. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:2512.
+
Shugart
L DNA damage as a biomarker of exposure. Ecotoxicology. 2000;9:329–340.
+
Sies
H, Cadenas
E Oxidative stress: damage to intact cells and organs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1985;311:617–631.
+
Simkiss
K, Daniels
S, Smith
RH Effects of population density and cadmium toxicity on growth and survival of blowflies. Environ Pollut. 1993;81:41.
+
Simonich
SL, Hites
RA Global distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds. Science. 1995;269:1861.
+
Sinnhuber
RO, Hendricks
JD, Wales
JH, Putnam
GB Neoplasms in rainbow trout, a sensitive animal model for environmental carcinogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1977;298:389–408.
+
Smith
GM, Weis
JS Predator–prey relationships in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus (L)): effects of living in a polluted environment. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 1997;209:75–87.
+
Snape
JR, Maund
SJ, Pickford
DB, Hutchinson
TH Ecotoxicogenomics: the challenge of integrating genomics into aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicology. Aquat Toxicol. 2004;67:143–154.
+
Sokolova
IM Cadmium effects on mitochondrial function are enhanced by elevated temperatures in a marine poikilotherm, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). J Exp Biol. 2004;207:2639–2684.
+
Sol
SY, Johnson
LL, Horness
BH, Collier
TK Relationship between oil exposure and reproductive parameters in fish collected following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull. 2000;40:1139–1147.
+
Solenska
M, Micieta
K, Misik
M Plant bioassays for an in situ monitoring of air near an industrial area and a municipal solid waste—Zilina (Slovakia). Environ Monit Assess. 2006;115:499–508.
+
Solomon
KR, Baker
DB, Richards
RP
et al Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North America surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1996;15:31–76.
+
Solomon
KR, Sibley
P New concepts in ecological risk assessment: where do we go from here? Mar Pollut Bull. 2002;44:279.
+
Spitsbergen
JM, Walker
MK, Olson
JR, Peterson
RE Pathological alterations in early life stages of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-para-dioxin as fertilized eggs. Aquat Toxicol. 1991;19:41–71.
+
Spitzer
PR, Risebrough
RW, Walker
W
II
et al Productivity of ospreys in Connecticut–Long Island increases as DDE residues decline. Science. 1978;202:333.
+
Spromberg
JA, John
BM, Landis
WG Metapopulation dynamics: indirect effects and multiple distinct outcomes in ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1998;17:1640.
+
Spry
DJ, Wood
CM Ion flux rates, acid–base status, and blood gases in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, exposed to toxic zinc in natural soft water. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 1985;42:1332–1341.
+
Steinert
SA DNA damage as a bivalve biomarker. Biomarkers. 1999;4:492–496.
+
Stephan
CE, Mount
DI, Hansen
DJ, Gentile
JH, Chapman
GA, Brungs
WA Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and their Uses. Duluth, MN: US EPA; 1985.
+
Strandberg
B, Axelsen
JA, Pedersen
MB, Jensen
J, Attrill
MJ Effect of a copper gradient on plant community structure. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006;25:743.
+
Sumpter
JP, Jobling
S Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103(suppl 7):173–178.
+
Tanaka
Y, Nakanishi
J Life history elasticity and the population-level effect of p-nonylphenol on Daphnia galeata. Ecol Res. 2001;16:41.
+
Tanguay
RL, Andreasen
EA, Walker
MK, Peterson
RE Dioxin toxicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in fish. In: Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA, eds. Dioxins and Health. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2003:603–628.
+
Taub
FB Unique information contributed by multispecies systems: examples from the standardized aquatic microcosm. Ecol Appl. 1997;7:1103–1110.
+
Teraoka
H, Dong
W, Tsujimoto
Y
et al Induction of cytochrome P450 1A is required for circulation failure and edema by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;304:223–228.
+
Tessier
A, Campbell
PGC, Auclair
JC, Bisson
M Relationships between partitioning of trace metals in sediments and their accumulation in the tissues of the freshwater mollusc Elliptio complanata in a mining area. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 1984;41:1463.
+
Thomann
RV Bioaccumulation model of organic chemical distribution in aquatic food chains. Environ Sci Technol. 1989;23:699.
+
Tilman
D Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology. 1996;77:350.
+
Tilman
D, Wedin
D, Knops
J Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature. 1996;379:718.
+
Trimble
EL A guest editorial: update on diethylstilbestrol. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2001;56:187–189.
+
Truhaut
R Ecotoxicology: objectives, principles and perspectives. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1977;1:151.
+
US EPA OPPTS. OPPTS Harmonized Guidelines, Series 850—Ecological Effects Test Guidelines. Washington, DC: Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1996a.
+
US EPA OPPTS. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines, OPPTS 850.1000. Special Considerations for Conducting Aquatic Laboratory Studies. EPA 712–C–96–113. Washington, DC: Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1996b.
+
van der Oost
R, Beyer
J, Vermeulen
NPE Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003;13:57–149.
+
Van Metre
PC, Mahler
BJ Trends in hydrophobic organic contaminants in urban and reference lake sediments across the United States, 1970–2001. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39:5567–5574.
+
Vethaak
ADT Fish disease as a monitor for marine pollution: the case of the North Sea. Rev Fish Biol Fish. 1992;2:1–32.
+
Vogelbein
WK, Fournie
JW, Van Veld
PA, Huggett
RJ Hepatic neoplasms in the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus from a creosote-contaminated site. Cancer Res. 1990;50:5978–5986.
+
Vos
JG, Bossart
G, Fournier
M, O’Shea
T Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New York: Taylor and Francis; 2002.
+
Walker
CH Neurotoxic pesticides and behavioural effects upon birds. Ecotoxicology. 2003;12:307–316.
+
Wania
DM, Mackay
D Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol. 1996;30:390A.
+
Wania
DM, Mckay
D, Li
Y-F, Bidleman
TF, Strand
A Global chemical fate of α-hexachlorocyclohexane. 1. Evaluation of a global distribution model. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18:1390.
+
Wassenberg
D, Nerlinger
A, Battle
L, Di Giulio
R Effects of the PAH heterocycles, carbazole and dibenzothiophene, on in vivo and in vitro CYP1A activity and PAH-derived embryotoxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24:2526–2532.
+
Wassenberg
DM, Di Giulio
RT Synergistic embryotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists with cytochrome P4501A inhibitors in Fundulus heteroclitus. Environ Health Perspect. 2004a;112:1658–1664.
+
Wassenberg
DM, Di Giulio
RT Teratogenesis in Fundulus heteroclitus embryos exposed to a creosote-contaminated sediment extract and CYP1A inhibitors. Mar Environ Res. 2004b;58:163–168.
+
Watanabe
H, Iguchi
T Using ecotoxicogenomics to evaluate the impact of chemicals on aquatic organisms. Mar Biol. 2006;149:107–115.
+
Wayland
M, Bollinger
T Lead exposure and poisoning in bald eagles and golden eagles in the Canadian prairie provinces. Environ Pollut. 1999;104:341.
+
Webb
NA, Wood
CM Physiological analysis of the stress response associated with acute silver nitrate exposure in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem. 1998;17:579–588.
+
Webb
RE, Horsfall
F
Jr Endrin resistance in pine mouse. Science. 1967;156:1762.
+
Webber
HM, Haines
TA Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003;22:1556–1561.
+
Weinstein
JE, Oris
JT, Taylor
DH An ultrastructural examination of the mode of UV-induced toxic action of fluoranthene in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Aquat Toxicol. 1997;39:1–22.
+
Wells
RS, Tornero
V, Borrell
A
et al Integrating potential life-history and reproductive success data to examine relationships with organochlorine compounds for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Sci Total Environ. 2005;349:106–119.
+
Wendelaar Bonga
SE, Lock
RAC Toxicants and osmoregulation in fish. Neth J Zool. 1992;42:478–493.
+
Wendelaar Bonga
SE, Lock
RAC The osmoregulatory system. In: Di Giulio RT, Hinton DE, eds. The Toxicology of Fishes. CRC Press. 2008.
+
Wester
PW, van der Ven
LTM, Vethaak
AD, Girnwis
GCM, Vos
JG Aquatic toxicology: opportunities for enhancement through histopathology. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2002;11:289–295.
+
Weston
DP, Maruya
KA Predicting bioavailability and bioaccumulation with in vitro digestive fluid extraction. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002;21:962.
+
Wiese
FK, Robertson
GJ Assessing seabird mortality from chronic oil discharges at sea. J Wildl Manage. 2004;68:627–638.
+
Wilson
L, Martin
PA, Elliot
JE, Mineau
P, Cheng
KM Exposure of California quail to organophosphorus insecticides in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Ecotoxicology. 2001;10:79–90.
+
Winston
GW, Adams
SM, Benson
WH
et al Biological bases of similarities and differences. In: Di Giulio RT, Benson WH, eds. Interconnections between Human Health and Ecological Integrity. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press; 2002.
+
Winston
GW, Di Giulio
RT Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms. Aquat Toxicol. 1991;19:137–161.
+
Wirgin
I, Currie
D, Garte
SJ Activation of the K-ras oncogene in liver tumors of Hudson River tomcod. Carcinogenesis. 1989;10:2311–2315.
+
Woin
P Short- and long-term effects of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate on an invertebrate pond community. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1998;41:137.
+
Wolfe
MF, Schwarzbach
S, Sulaiman
RA Effects of mercury on wildlife: a comprehensive review. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1998;17:146–160.
+
Woodward
M Epidemiology. Study Design and Data Analysis. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2005.
+
Wootton
EC, Dyrynda
EA, Ratcliffe
NA Comparisons of PAH-induced immunomodulation in three bivalve mollusks. Aquat Toxicol. 2003;65:13–25.
+
Wu
RSS Hypoxia: from molecular responses to ecosystem response. Mar Pollut Bull. 2002;45:35–45.
+
Ylitalo
GM, Sten
JE, Hom
T
et al The role of organochlorines in cancer-associated mortality in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Mar Pollut Bull. 2005;50:30–39.
+
Zelikoff
JT, Carlson
E, Li
Y
et al Immunotoxicity biomarkers in fish: development, validation and application for field studies and risk assessment. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2002;8:253–263.