TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Drug Addiction
A1  - O'Brien, Charles P.
A2  - Brunton, Laurence L.
A2  - Chabner, Bruce A.
A2  - Knollmann, Björn C.
PY  - 2015
T2  - Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e
AB  - The  terminology  used  in  discussing  drug  dependence,  abuse,  and  addiction  has  long  been  confusing.  Confusion  stems  from  the  fact  that  repeated  use  of  certain  prescribed  medications  can  produce  neuroplastic  changes  resulting  in  two  distinctly  abnormal  states.  The  first  is  dependence,  sometimes  called  "physical"  dependence,  produced  when  there  is  progressive  pharmacological  adaptation  to  the  drug  resulting  in  tolerance.  In  the  tolerant  state,  repeating  the  same  dose  of  drug  produces  a  smaller  effect.  If  the  drug  is  abruptly  stopped,  a  withdrawal  syndrome  ensues  in  which  the  adaptive  responses  are  now  unopposed  by  the  drug.  Thus,  withdrawal  symptoms  are  opposite  to  the  original  drug  effects.  The  appearance  of  withdrawal  symptoms  is  the  cardinal  sign  of  "physical"  dependence.  As  thus  defined,  dependence  can  occur  with  the  use  of  opioids,  β  blockers,  antidepressants,  benzodiazepines,  and  stimulants,  even  when  these  agents  are  used  as  prescribed  for  therapeutic  purposes.  The  state  of  "physical"  dependence  is  a  normal  response,  easily  treatable  by  tapering  the  drug  dose,  and  is  not  in  itself  a  sign  of  addiction.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2023/03/29
UR  - accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1127867096
ER  -