TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Risk Assessment
A1  - Faustman, Elaine M.
A2  - Klaassen, Curtis D.
PY  - 2019
T2  - Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th edition
AB  - In  the  1970s  U.S.  Congress  established  a  basic  plan  for  environmental  laws  that  authorized  regulatory  actions  to  protect  public  health  and  the  environment.  These  science-based  actions  provided  the  foundation  for  environmental  and  human  health  risk  assessment.  Recent  updates  and  revisions  of  these  laws  including  the  2016  Frank  R.  Lautenberg  Chemical  Safety  from  the  21st  Century  Act,  which  modified  the  1976  Toxic  Substance  Control  Act,  have  reinforced  the  need  for  toxicology  evaluation.  Toxicological  research  and  toxicity  testing  constitute  the  scientific  core  of  risk  assessment,  which  is  used  for  evaluating  potential  adverse  health  impacts  from  chemical  exposures.  Considerations  for  risk  evaluation  were  not  new,  since  for  decades  the  American  Conference  of  Governmental  Industrial  Hygienists  (ACGIH)  set  threshold  limit  values  for  occupational  exposures  and  the  U.S.  Food  and  Drug  Administration  (FDA)  established  acceptable  daily  intakes  (ADIs)  for  pesticide  residues  and  food  additives.  In  1958,  the  U.S.  Congress  instructed  the  FDA  in  the  Delaney  Clause  to  prohibit  the  addition  of  all  substances  found  to  cause  cancer  in  animals  or  humans  to  the  food  supply.  Pragmatically,  this  policy  allowed  food  sources  that  had  nondetectable  levels  of  these  additives  to  be  declared  “safe.”  As  advances  in  analytical  chemistry  revealed  that  “nondetects”  were  not  equivalent  to  “not  present,”  regulatory  agencies  were  forced  to  develop  “tolerance  levels”  and  “acceptable  risk  levels.”  Risk  assessment  methodologies  blossomed  in  the  1970s  with  the  rising  need  to  address  these  issues  and  to  provide  a  common  framework  for  considering  human  and  ecological  health  effects  (Albert,  1994).  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1158496116
ER  -