TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Toxic Responses of the Heart and Vascular System A1 - Campen, Matthew J. A2 - Klaassen, Curtis D. Y1 - 2019 N1 - T2 - Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th edition AB - Cardiovascular toxicology is concerned with the adverse effects of extrinsic and intrinsic stresses on the heart and vascular system. Extrinsic stress involves exposure to therapeutic drugs, natural products, and environmental toxicants. Notably, the heart and vessels are somewhat protected from xenobiotics due to classical defense and detoxification organs (e.g., skin, lungs, and liver), thus many extrinsic cardiotoxins are intentionally administered substances. Intrinsic stress refers to exposure to toxic metabolites derived from nontoxic compounds such as those found in food additives and supplements. The intrinsic exposures also include secondary neurohormonal disturbance such as overproduction of inflammatory cytokines derived from pressure overload of the heart and counter-regulatory responses to hypertension or uremic toxins that arise from renal failure. These toxic exposures result in alterations in biochemical pathways, defects in cellular structure and function, and pathogenesis of the affected cardiovascular system. The manifestations of toxicological response of the heart include cardiac arrhythmia, hypertrophy, and overt heart failure. The responses of the vascular system include changes in blood pressure and lesions in blood vessels in the form of atherosclerosis, hemorrhage, and edema. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1158500543 ER -