TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Toxic Responses of the Skin A1 - Belsito, Donald V. A2 - Klaassen, Curtis D. Y1 - 2019 N1 - T2 - Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th edition AB - As the body's first line of defense against external insult, the skin's vast surface area (1.5 to 2 m2) is repeatedly exposed to chemical assaults and other types of injuries. As such, it may serve as a portal of entry for topical contactants. Recognizing the potential hazards of skin exposure, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) characterizes skin disease as one of the most pervasive occupational health problems in the United States. In 2012, NIOSH ranked skin disease as the second leading work related illness based on frequency, and estimated its annual cost at greater than 1 billion dollars (NIOSH, 2017a). Although substantial reduction in the reported incidence has occurred in recent years due to better workplace environments and personal protective equipment, further improvements in prevention and management are clearly needed. Skin conditions resulting from occupational or consumer exposures not resulting in lost work are poorly recorded. Hence, their incidence is likely to be greatly underestimated. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/14 UR - accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1158500704 ER -