TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Glossary A1 - Greenberg, Raymond S. Y1 - 2014 N1 - T2 - Medical Epidemiology: Population Health and Effective Health Care, 5e AB - Access to health carehaving the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomesAccuracythe extent to which a measurement or study result correctly represents the characteristic or relationship that is being assessedAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)a disease characterized by a marked reduction in CD4+ T lymphocytes and associated defects in immune response caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Active surveillancea system of data collection in which those responsible for collecting the information go into the community under observation (typically defined by geographic boundaries) to gather data from various sourcesAcutea disease of short durationAdaptive randomized controlled clinical trialan experimental study in which the collected data are used to guide predefined design adaptations when the trial is in progressAdjustmenta procedure for overall comparison of two or more populations in which background differences in the distribution of covariables are removed (see also Standardization)Administrative databilling data or hospital discharge data that can be used for research on health-related questions, including costs of careAge adjustmenta procedure used to calculate summary rates for different populations in which underlying differences in the age distributions are removed (see also Age standardization)Age-specific ratea rate (usually incidence or mortality) for a particular age groupAge standardization (direct)a procedure for obtaining a weighted average of age-specific rates in which the weights are selected on the basis of a standard age distribution (e.g., the population of the United States in 2000)Alpha errorsee Type I errorAnalytic epidemiologyactivities related to the identification of possible determinants of disease occurrenceAnalytic studya research investigation designed to test a hypothesis, often used in reference to a study of an exposure-disease associationAntibodya protein, often produced in response to exposure to an antigen that binds to the antigen and thereby stimulates its inactivation by the immune systemAntigena protein, usually foreign in origin, that is capable of generating an immune response in a host animalArithmetic meansee MeanArteriosclerosishardening of the arteriesAssociationthe extent to which the occurrence of two or more characteristics is linked either through a causal or noncausal relationshipAsymptomatic personsindividuals who have a particular disease but do not manifest abnormalities of function, appearance, or sensation typically associated with that diseaseAttack ratethe proportion of persons within a population who develop a particular outcome within a specified period of timeAttributable risk percentthe percentage of the overall risk of a disease outcome within exposed persons, related to the exposure of interestBenigna mild illness; when applied to an abnormal growth of cells (i.e., a neoplasm), it connotes a slowly progressing defect that is not invading adjacent tissues (in contrast to the rapid growth and invasive behavior of a malignant neoplasm)Beta errorsee Type II errorBiasa nonrandom error in a study that leads to a distorted resultBiologic marker (or biomarker)a measurable characteristic that helps to classify either level of exposure to a risk factor or susceptibility to (or presence of) a diseaseBirth cohort effectan unusual age-specific rate (either incidence or mortality) within cross-sectional data that reflects the shared experience of persons born in specific years (birth cohort)Blindingassignment of treatment to individual subjects in a way such that subjects ... SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/04/16 UR - accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1108591132 ER -