TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Developmental Toxicology A1 - Rogers, John M. A2 - Klaassen, Curtis D. PY - 2019 T2 - Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th edition AB - Teratology as an empirical science has been around for millennia and encompasses the study of abnormal structural development. Conjoined twins have been depicted in marble statuary dating to 6500 BC (Warkany, 1983), and Egyptian wall paintings of human cleft palate and achondroplasia date to 5000 years ago. The origin of mythological creatures including the Cyclops and sirens may have been observations of malformed infants (Thompson, 1930; Warkany, 1977). Hippocrates and Aristotle thought that physical agents such as uterine trauma or pressure could cause birth defects. Aristotle also believed that maternal impressions and emotions could affect the developing fetus, and advised pregnant women to gaze at beautiful art to enhance their child's beauty. This idea is historically present in diverse cultures, and we now understand that maternal stress or depression during pregnancy can be deleterious (Dunkel Schetter and Tanner, 2012). SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/03 UR - accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1158498225 ER -