RT Book, Section
A1 Vinetz, Joseph M.
A1 Clain, Jérôme
A1 Bounkeua, Viengngeun
A1 Eastman, Richard T.
A1 Fidock, David
A2 Brunton, Laurence L.
A2 Chabner, Bruce A.
A2 Knollmann, Björn C.
SR Print(0)
ID 1127870308
T1 Chemotherapy of Malaria
T2 Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e
YR 2015
FD 2015
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9780071624428
LK accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1127870308
RD 2023/09/28
AB Malaria  affects  about  a  quarter  of  a  billion  people  and  leads  to  almost  900,000  deaths  annually  (World  Health  Organization,  2009).  This  disease  is  caused  by  infection  with  single-celled  protozoan  parasites  of  the  genus  Plasmodium.  Five  Plasmodium  spp.  are  known  to  infect  humans:  P.  falciparum,  P.  vivax,  P.  ovale,  P.  malariae,  and  P.  knowlesi.P.  falciparum  and  P.  vivax  cause  most  of  the  malarial  infections  worldwide.  Of  these,  P.  falciparum  accounts  for  the  majority  of  the  burden  of  malaria  in  sub-Saharan  Africa  and  is  associated  with  the  most  severe  disease.  P.  vivax  accounts  for  half  of  the  malaria  burden  in  South  and  East  Asia  and  >80%  of  the  malarial  infections  in  the  America.  Malaria  due  to  P.  ovale  and  P.  malariae  is  relatively  uncommon  but  requires  identification  both  for  treatment  (P.  ovale,  like  P.  vivax,  forms  hypnozoites  with  the  potential  for  relapse)  and  for  epidemiological  purposes  (malarial  infection,  due  mostly  to  P.  malariae,  can  arise  from  blood  transfusion).  P.  knowlesi,  previously  thought  to  infect  only  nonhuman  primates,  has  emerged  as  a  zoonotic  malarial  parasite  and  now  is  an  important,  sometimes  lethal,  cause  of  human  malaria  in  parts  of  Southeast  Asia  (including  Malaysia,  Indonesia,  Thailand,  Singapore,  and  the  Philippines;  Cox-Singh  et  al.,  2008).  P.  knowlesi  should  therefore  be  considered  as  a  potential  cause  of  malaria  among  travelers  returning  from  this  region.  The  vast  majority  of  malaria  cases  occur  via  infection  from  Anopheles  mosquitoes  in  endemic  regions.  Infections  acquired  congenitally  or  via  transfusions  or  contaminated  needles  are  known  to  occur  but  are  rare.  Screening  of  blood  donors  has  reduced  the  risk  of  transfusion-transmitted  malaria  to  1:4,000,000  in  the  U.S.