RT Book, Section
A1 Eaton, Douglas C.
A1 Pooler, John P.
SR Print(0)
ID 1197315123
T1 Basic Renal Processes for Sodium, Chloride, and Water
T2 Vander’s Renal Physiology, 9e
YR 2018
FD 2018
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781260019377
LK accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1197315123
RD 2023/10/03
AB List  approximate  percentages  of  sodium  reabsorbed  in  major  tubular  segments.List  approximate  percentages  of  water  reabsorbed  in  major  tubular  segments.Describe  proximal  tubule  sodium  reabsorption,  including  the  functions  of  the  apical  membrane  sodium  entry  mechanisms  and  the  basolateral  Na-K-ATPase.Explain  why  chloride  reabsorption  is  coupled  with  sodium  reabsorption,  and  list  the  major  pathways  of  proximal  tubule  chloride  reabsorption.State  the  maximum  and  minimum  values  of  urine  osmolality.Define  osmotic  diuresis  and  water  diuresis.Explain  why  there  is  always  an  obligatory  water  loss.Describe  the  handling  of  sodium  by  the  descending  and  ascending  limbs,  distal  tubule,  and  collecting-duct  system.Describe  the  role  of  sodium-potassium-2  chloride  symporters  in  the  thick  ascending  limb.Describe  the  handling  of  water  by  descending  and  ascending  limbs,  distal  tubule,  and  collecting-duct  system.Describe  the  process  of  “separating  salt  from  water”  and  why  this  is  required  to  excrete  either  concentrated  or  dilute  urine.Describe  how  antidiuretic  hormone  affects  water  and  urea  reabsorption.Describe  the  characteristics  of  the  medullary  osmotic  gradient.Explain  the  role  of  the  thick  ascending  limb,  urea  recycling,  and  medullary  blood  flow  in  generating  the  medullary  osmotic  gradient.State  why  the  medullary  osmotic  gradient  is  partially  “washed  out”  during  a  water  diuresis.