RT Book, Section A1 Rogers, John M. A2 Klaassen, Curtis D. SR Print(0) ID 1158498225 T1 Developmental Toxicology T2 Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th edition YR 2019 FD 2019 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781259863745 LK accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1158498225 RD 2024/10/03 AB Teratology as an empirical science has been around for millennia and encompasses the study of abnormal structural development. Conjoined twins have been depicted in marble statuary dating to 6500 BC (Warkany, 1983), and Egyptian wall paintings of human cleft palate and achondroplasia date to 5000 years ago. The origin of mythological creatures including the Cyclops and sirens may have been observations of malformed infants (Thompson, 1930; Warkany, 1977). Hippocrates and Aristotle thought that physical agents such as uterine trauma or pressure could cause birth defects. Aristotle also believed that maternal impressions and emotions could affect the developing fetus, and advised pregnant women to gaze at beautiful art to enhance their child's beauty. This idea is historically present in diverse cultures, and we now understand that maternal stress or depression during pregnancy can be deleterious (Dunkel Schetter and Tanner, 2012).