RT Book, Section SR Print(0) ID 1101681563 T1 The Control of Gaze T2 Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition YR 2014 FD 2014 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 978-0-07-139011-8 LK accessbiomedicalscience.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1101681563 RD 2024/10/09 AB Six Neuronal Control Systems Keep the Eyes on TargetAn Active Fixation System Keeps the Fovea on a Stationary TargetThe Saccadic System Points the Fovea Toward Objects of InterestThe Smooth-Pursuit System Keeps Moving Targets on the FoveaThe Vergence System Aligns the Eyes to Look at Targets at Different DepthsThe Eye Is Moved by the Six Extraocular MusclesEye Movements Rotate the Eye in the OrbitThe Six Extraocular Muscles Form Three Agonist–Antagonist PairsMovements of the Two Eyes Are CoordinatedThe Extraocular Muscles Are Controlled by Three Cranial NervesExtraocular Motor Neurons Encode Eye Position and VelocityThe Motor Circuits for Saccades Lie in the Brain StemHorizontal Saccades Are Generated in the Pontine Reticular FormationVertical Saccades Are Generated in the Mesencephalic Reticular FormationBrain Stem Lesions Result in Characteristic Deficits in Eye MovementsSaccades Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex Through the Superior ColliculusThe Superior Colliculus Integrates Visual and Motor Information into Oculomotor Signals to the Brain StemThe Rostral Superior Colliculus Facilitates Visual FixationThe Basal Ganglia Inhibit the Superior ColliculusTwo Regions of Cerebral Cortex Control the Superior ColliculusThe Control of Saccades Can Be Modified by ExperienceSmooth Pursuit Involves the Cerebral Cortex, Cerebellum, and PonsSome Gaze Shifts Require Coordinated Head and Eye MovementsAn Overall View